During World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber detonated the world's first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The explosion killed an estimated 80,000 people instantly, and tens of thousands more died subsequently from radioactive exposure. A second B-29 detonated another A-bomb on Nagasaki three days later, killing an estimated 40,000 people. In a radio broadcast on August 15, Japan's Emperor Hirohito proclaimed his country's unconditional surrender in World War II, citing the deadly might of "a new and most merciless bomb."
Even before the onset of war in 1939, a handful of American scientists, many of them were exiles from fascist governments in Europe, grew concerned about Nazi Germany's nuclear weapons program.
After the United States entered World War II, the government of the United States began supporting its own atomic weapons research program, which became the joint responsibility of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Department. The United States Army Corps of Engineers was charged with leading the building of the massive facilities required for the top-secret mission, dubbed "The Manhattan Project" (after the engineering corps' Manhattan sector).
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